Аппаратный RAID-0, RAID-1, RAID-10, RAID-5

Аппаратный RAID-0, RAID-1

Настройка программного Raid 1 в Debian. Видео

linux/debian raid 1 recovery how-to

http://blog.sviluppoweb.eu/2009/05/08/linux-debian-raid-1-recovery-how-to/

By Giulio Turetta

Hi!

Today one of two harddisks on server fails. How-to repair raid? Easy.

Check raid status (find hda is not updated)

cat /proc/mdstat

If damaged disk is active (for example: only bad sectors) remove it from raid.

mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/hda

Turn off your server if hd is not hot-swappable.
Remove damaged hd and replace it with new hd.
Restart your server, be sure that is starts from the old ok hd (ex. hdb). Sometimes bios doesn’t properly updates boot devices and tries to start from new hd or cds, fix it.

System must boot-up properly from old ok hd.

Clean new hd (ex. /dev/hda), remove all partitions.

fdisk /dev/hda

Clean MBR of new disk (to be sure that an old mbr doesn’t exist)

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1

Copy raid partitions scheme from old ok hd.

sfdisk -d /dev/hdb > mbr_hdb.txt

Apply that scheme to your new hd.

sfdisk /dev/hda < /root/mbr_hdb.txt

Add partitions from new disk to your raid

mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/hda1

Raid recovery starts.
Check rebuild status

mdadm –detail /dev/md0


/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90
Creation Time : Wed Apr  1 11:10:50 2009
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 37110016 (35.39 GiB 38.00 GB)
Used Dev Size : 37110016 (35.39 GiB 38.00 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent

Update Time : Fri May  8 11:52:58 2009
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1

Rebuild Status : 74% complete

UUID : b1d86bee:0e4dedf0:4ddd5836:05672650
Events : 0.680998

Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
2       3        1        0      spare rebuilding   /dev/hda1
1       3       65        1      active sync   /dev/hdb1

That’s it!
Wait and be happy.

oh…. as you know this is not a complete/best/lucky tutorial, if you follow it you home may explode, your city my be destroyed, but don’t bother me! no warranty

Good luck!! 



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http://www.ducea.com/2009/03/08/mdadm-cheat-sheet/
October 2004 

Recently I had a hard drive fail. It was part of a Linux software RAID 1 (mirrored drives), so we lost no data, and just needed to replace hardware. However, the raid does requires rebuilding. A hardware array would usually automatically rebuild upon drive replacement, but this needed some help.

When you look at a "normal" array, you see something like this:

# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] 
read_ahead 1024 sectors
md2 : active raid1 hda3[1] hdb3[0]
      262016 blocks [2/2] [UU]
      
md1 : active raid1 hda2[1] hdb2[0]
      119684160 blocks [2/2] [UU]
      
md0 : active raid1 hda1[1] hdb1[0]
      102208 blocks [2/2] [UU]
      
unused devices: 
 

That's the normal state - what you want it to look like. When a drive has failed and been replaced, it looks like this:

Personalities : [raid1]
read_ahead 1024 sectors
md0 : active raid1  hda1[1]
      102208 blocks [2/1] [_U]

md2 : active raid1 hda3[1]
      262016 blocks [2/1] [_U]

md1 : active raid1 hda2[1]
      119684160 blocks [2/1] [_U]
unused devices: 
 

Notice that it doesn't list the failed drive parts, and that an underscore appears beside each U. This shows that only one drive is active in these arrays - we have no mirror.

Another command that will show us the state of the raid drives is "mdadm"

# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
        Version : 00.90.00
  Creation Time : Thu Aug 21 12:22:43 2003
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 102208 (99.81 MiB 104.66 MB)
    Device Size : 102208 (99.81 MiB 104.66 MB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 1
Preferred Minor : 0
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

    Update Time : Fri Oct 15 06:25:45 2004
          State : dirty, no-errors
 Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0


    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       0        0        0      faulty removed
       1       3        1        1      active sync   /dev/hda1
           UUID : f9401842:995dc86c:b4102b57:f2996278
 

As this shows, we presently only have one drive in the array.

Although I already knew that /dev/hdb was the other part of the raid array, you can look at /etc/raidtab to see how the raid was defined:

raiddev             /dev/md1
raid-level                  1
nr-raid-disks               2
chunk-size                  64k
persistent-superblock       1
nr-spare-disks              0
    device          /dev/hda2
    raid-disk     0
    device          /dev/hdb2
    raid-disk     1
raiddev             /dev/md0
raid-level                  1
nr-raid-disks               2
chunk-size                  64k
persistent-superblock       1
nr-spare-disks              0
    device          /dev/hda1
    raid-disk     0
    device          /dev/hdb1
    raid-disk     1
raiddev             /dev/md2
raid-level                  1
nr-raid-disks               2
chunk-size                  64k
persistent-superblock       1
nr-spare-disks              0
    device          /dev/hda3
    raid-disk     0
    device          /dev/hdb3
    raid-disk     1
 

To get the mirrored drives working properly again, we need to run fdisk to see what partitions are on the working drive:

# fdisk /dev/hda

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 14946 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes

   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *         1        13    104391   fd  Linux raid autodetect
/dev/hda2            14     14913 119684250   fd  Linux raid autodetect
/dev/hda3         14914     14946    265072+  fd  Linux raid autodetect
 

Duplicate that on /dev/hdb. Use "n" to create the parttions, and "t" to change their type to "fd" to match. Once this is done, use "raidhotadd":

# raidhotadd /dev/md0 /dev/hdb1
# raidhotadd /dev/md1 /dev/hdb2
# raidhotadd /dev/md2 /dev/hdb3
 

The rebuilding can be seen in /proc/mdstat:

# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] 
read_ahead 1024 sectors
md0 : active raid1 hdb1[0] hda1[1]
      102208 blocks [2/2] [UU]
      
md2 : active raid1 hda3[1]
      262016 blocks [2/1] [_U]
      
md1 : active raid1 hdb2[2] hda2[1]
      119684160 blocks [2/1] [_U]
      [>....................]  recovery =  0.2% (250108/119684160) finish=198.8min speed=10004K/sec
unused devices: 
 

The md0, a small array, has already completed rebuilding (UU), while md1 has only begun. After it finishes, it will show:

#  mdadm -D /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
        Version : 00.90.00
  Creation Time : Thu Aug 21 12:21:21 2003
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 119684160 (114.13 GiB 122.55 GB)
    Device Size : 119684160 (114.13 GiB 122.55 GB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 1
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

    Update Time : Fri Oct 15 13:19:11 2004
          State : dirty, no-errors
 Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0


    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       3       66        0      active sync   /dev/hdb2
       1       3        2        1      active sync   /dev/hda2
           UUID : ede70f08:0fdf752d:b408d85a:ada8922b
 

I was a little surprised that this process wasn't entirely automatic. There's no reason it couldn't be. This is an older Linux install; I don't know if more modern versions will just automatically rebuild.